Cephalochordata: Branchiostoma

The cephalochordate amphioxus, a basal chordate discovered by Pallas in 1774, is the best available stand-in for the proximate invertebrate ancestor of vertebrates. It has a vertebrate-like body plan, including a notochord, a hollow dorsal neural tube, a post-anal tail, segmented muscle blocks, gill slits, and posterior direction of blood flow in the dorsal vessels and anterior direction of blood flow in the ventral vessels (Kowalevsky 1867; Rähr 1979). However, this animal is much less complex than vertebrates as it has a genome (17% that of the human genome) uncomplicated by extensive genomic duplication (Gibson-Brown et al. 2003; Putnam et al. 2008) and lacks lymphoid organs and free circulating blood cells (Gans et al. 1996; Metchnikoff 1891; Möller and Philpott 1973a, b; Silva et al. 1995). Thus, amphioxus is an ideal model for gaining insights into the origin and evolution of the immune system in vertebrates. Over the past decade, great progress has been made in the study of amphioxus immunity. In this chapter we focus on the recent progress of immunity study in amphioxus.

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Acknowledgments

During the writing of this chapter, the authors were supported by grants (U1401211; 31601862) from the Natural Science Foundation of China, and by the Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, China.